An example of monitoring current & voltage in consumer devices can be found in electric scooters + skateboards, particularly as part of the battery management system (BMS).
Regulating current and voltage is crucial in certain circuits to ensure proper operation, protect components, and enhance efficiency. Here are common methods for regulation and their applications:
Methods of Regulation:
- Discrete Passives (RCL):
- Components: Uses resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
- How It Works: Creates simple voltage dividers or filter networks.
- Applications: Suitable for low-power, low-frequency analog circuits where cost and simplicity are primary concerns.
- LDO (Low-Dropout Regulator):
- How It Works: Maintains a stable output voltage even when the input voltage is close to the output voltage.
- Applications: Ideal for low-power, low-current digital circuits and sensitive analog circuits needing a clean, stable voltage supply.
- Zener Diode:
- How It Works: Uses the reverse breakdown voltage of Zener diodes to create simple voltage references.
- Applications: Suitable for low-power circuits where a stable reference voltage is needed. Simple and low-cost.
- SMPS (Switching-Mode Power Supply):
- How It Works: Uses high-frequency switching to efficiently convert one voltage level to another.
- Applications: Commonly used in high-power, high-current applications where efficiency and size are important.
Why Regulation is Needed:
- Component Protection:
- Many electronic components have specific voltage and current ratings. Exceeding these ratings can damage or destroy them. Regulation ensures components receive power within safe limits.
- Stable Operation:
- Fluctuations in voltage or current can cause erratic behavior or malfunction in circuits, especially in sensitive analog and digital devices.